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Research Article
A Machine Learning Model for Pile Settlement Prediction Using Majority Voting-Based Feature Selection
Hafeez Husain Bello*
,
You Wang,
Shamsudeen Lawal
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 3, June 2025
Pages:
104-114
Received:
25 March 2025
Accepted:
6 May 2025
Published:
11 June 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.jccee.20251003.11
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Abstract: Pile foundations are deep foundations commonly employed in bridge construction, high-rise buildings, trains, and situations requiring high bearing capacity and minimal settlement. Accurate prediction of pile settlement is essential for ensuring the safety and stability of deep foundations, yet traditional methods like in-situ load tests are often costly and impractical. The cone penetration test (CPT) is one of the most frequent in-situ tests for pile analysis because, like a model pile, the measured cone resistance and sleeve fiction can be used to estimate pile unit toe and shaft resistances, respectively. In this paper, a machine learning (ML) framework for pile settlement prediction with a genetic algorithm (GA) majority voting (MV) feature selection (FS) strategy to enhance model performance is presented. Three tree-based algorithms, each with a unique approach for tree development and feature handling—categorical boosting (CB), light gradient boosting (LGB), and random forest (RF) are selected for this purpose. The dataset was compiled from fifty-six pile case histories in different countries have been compiled including static loading tests which include maintained load tests and constant rate of penetration tests, shaft, and toe resistances which comprise CPT and CPTu (undrained CPT) sounding, the pile geometric and mechanical properties, the loads applied from the load tests as the model inputs, and recorded settlement values for the piles from the tests as the model output to be predicted. The CB model, coupled with the GA-MV approach, achieved the best predictive accuracy, yielding an R² of 0.926 and RMSE of 5.92 mm upon testing, while feature importance analysis identifies applied load (P) and pile length (L) as key predictors of settlement. Also, an overall decrease of the RMSE by 11.19% was observed between the CB-GAMV model (5.92 mm) and the CB-All features model (6.68 mm), and 9.41% between the CB-GAMV model and the CB-GA model (6.54 mm) on the validation set.
Abstract: Pile foundations are deep foundations commonly employed in bridge construction, high-rise buildings, trains, and situations requiring high bearing capacity and minimal settlement. Accurate prediction of pile settlement is essential for ensuring the safety and stability of deep foundations, yet traditional methods like in-situ load tests are often c...
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Research Article
Effectiveness of Silica Fume as a Partial Cement Replacement in Recycled Aggregate Concrete
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 3, June 2025
Pages:
115-122
Received:
9 May 2025
Accepted:
22 May 2025
Published:
20 June 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.jccee.20251003.12
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Abstract: Recycled concrete aggregate (RAC) can be used in structural concrete to lessen the environmental impact of waste concrete and the use of natural resources. The current study summarized the mechanical performances of concrete and assessed the synergistic impacts of recycled aggregate, likely at 100% content, with silica fume (SF) partially substituting cement. The study's primary variables included the dosage of silica fume used as a partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) at five different percentages: 0%, 4%, 8%, 12%, and 16% by weight. Five distinct mixtures, designated RACSF-0, RACSF-4, RACSF-8, RACSF-12, and RACSF-16, were made using differing concentrations of silica fume for M30 concrete. The workability of concrete mixes was examined using the slump test. After increasing the proportion of SF, a declining trend was observed in the test results. The mechanical characteristics of RACSF were examined at 7 and 28 days using compressive and splitting tensile tests. The results demonstrated that adding SF enhanced RACSF's performance at both early and later curing ages, with the highest results occurring at 12% SF addition. As a result, it is advised to partially substitute 12% SF for cement in RAC.
Abstract: Recycled concrete aggregate (RAC) can be used in structural concrete to lessen the environmental impact of waste concrete and the use of natural resources. The current study summarized the mechanical performances of concrete and assessed the synergistic impacts of recycled aggregate, likely at 100% content, with silica fume (SF) partially substitut...
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Research Article
Chloride Transport Parameters of Carbonated Concrete
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 3, June 2025
Pages:
123-130
Received:
13 May 2025
Accepted:
13 June 2025
Published:
22 June 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.jccee.20251003.13
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Views:
Abstract: Many concrete structures suffer from corrosion of reinforcing steel due to chloride penetration and carbonation, and it is common for both deteriorations to progress simultaneously. Carbonation of concrete significantly changes the properties of concrete, so that cement hydrates is decomposed and the microstructure is also changed. The chloride penetration of carbonated concrete is bound to be significantly different compared to non-carbonated concrete. For this reason, chloride penetration parameters of carbonated cementitious materials were examined in this paper, i.e., (a) surface chloride content, (b) chloride diffusivity, (c) chloride adsorption capacity, and (d) critical chloride content. Each material parameter was calculated from the material parameter model reflecting the change in porosity due to carbonation. Carbonation of concrete converts cement hydrates into Calcite, resulting in almost loss of chloride adsorption capacity. Even though the pH is slightly decreased due to carbonation, critical chloride content of carbonated cementitious materials was calculated, confirming that the reinforcement is very vulnerable to corrosion. Since the main parameters are affected by mixing properties of cementitious materials, the analysis was performed for concrete mixes with arbitrary assumed conditions. Since the parameters change at each cement hydration stage, their time evolution was expressed. This study is expected to be useful to develop a chloride penetration model of carbonated cementitious materials in the future.
Abstract: Many concrete structures suffer from corrosion of reinforcing steel due to chloride penetration and carbonation, and it is common for both deteriorations to progress simultaneously. Carbonation of concrete significantly changes the properties of concrete, so that cement hydrates is decomposed and the microstructure is also changed. The chloride pen...
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